Real Time Primers offers PCR primer libraries for more than 100 signaling and biological pathways for human, mouse and rat. Each pathway library groups the key genes of a pathway so that researchers can profile pathway gene expression in a single real time PCR array experiment using SYBR green. Select a pathway to see the primer libraries available.
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated form of programmed cell death that removes damaged, infected or unneeded cells during development and tissue homeostasis. It is triggered through the extrinsic pathway, in which death ligands such as FASL, TNF and TRAIL bind their receptors and activate caspase 8, or through the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway, in which BCL2 family proteins control release of cytochrome c and activation of APAF1 and caspase 9. Both pathways converge on the executioner caspases 3, 6 and 7, which dismantle the cell. Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins and anti-apoptotic BCL2 family members restrain this process, and defects in apoptosis contribute to cancer, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. |
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a family of transcription factors (RELA, RELB, REL, NFKB1 and NFKB2) that control inflammation, immunity, cell survival and proliferation. In the canonical pathway, signals from TNF, IL-1, Toll-like receptors and antigen receptors activate the IKK complex (IKBKB, CHUK, IKBKG/NEMO), which phosphorylates IkappaB proteins and targets them for degradation, freeing NF-kappaB to enter the nucleus. The non-canonical pathway, activated by receptors such as CD40, LTBR and BAFFR, works through NIK and IKK-alpha to process NFKB2. NF-kappaB target genes include cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and anti-apoptotic proteins. |