Home > PCR Arrays > Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy is a fundamental and highly conserved cellular process where a cell degrades and recycles its own old, damaged, or unnecessary components, such as proteins and organelles, to maintain cellular health and survive periods of stress or starvation. Autophagy serves as the cell's internal quality control and recycling system, essential for homeostasis (cellular balance). It removes misfolded or aggregated proteins and damaged organelles (like mitochondria, in a process called mitophagy), preventing their buildup, which can lead to cellular dysfunction and disease. When nutrients are scarce (e.g., during fasting), autophagy breaks down non-essential cellular material to provide the building blocks (amino acids, lipids) and energy needed for the cell to survive. A specialized form of autophagy, called xenophagy, targets and destroys invading pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. It is critical during development and cell differentiation, where large-scale changes in cellular components are necessary (e.g., the removal of organelles during red blood cell maturation). The most common form, macroautophagy, involves a multi-step process:Induction: The process is triggered by stresses like nutrient deprivation (low amino acids or glucose), energy depletion (high AMP/ATP ratio), or the presence of damaged components. Key regulatory proteins like mTOR (which inhibits autophagy) and AMPK (which promotes autophagy) sense these conditions. A small, cup-shaped, double-membrane structure called a phagophore (or isolation membrane) forms de novo within the cytoplasm. The phagophore expands to engulf the targeted cargo (e.g., damaged mitochondria or misfolded proteins). Its edges fuse to form a completely sealed, double-membraned vesicle called an autophagosome. The autophagosome travels and fuses with the lysosome, the cell's digestive organelle, resulting in an autolysosome. The powerful digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) inside the lysosome break down the inner autophagosome membrane and the engulfed contents. The resulting macromolecules (amino acids, fatty acids, sugars) are then released back into the cytoplasm for reuse by the cell. Properly functioning autophagy is critical for health, and its dysregulation is linked to various diseases. Autophagy activity declines with age, contributing to the accumulation of cellular damage and a hallmark of aging. Boosting autophagy is linked to increased longevity. For diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, autophagy is vital for clearing the toxic, aggregated proteins. Impaired autophagy accelerates disease progression.CancerAutophagy has a dual role. It can act as a tumor suppressor by removing damaged components that could lead to mutations. However, once a tumor is established, it can promote cancer cell survival by helping them endure nutrient stress during rapid growth. It helps maintain the health of heart muscle cells and blood vessels by removing dysfunctional components. It is involved in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, playing a role in conditions like type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Human Autophagy Primer Library
A ready-to-use Human Autophagy PCR primer library that may be used to set up to 100 PCR arrays. Contains 88 primer sets directed against autophagy genes and 8 housekeeping gene primer sets.

Provided in a 96-well microplate (20 ul - 10 uM)

Perform up to 100 PCR arrays (based on 20 ul assay volume per reaction)

Just add cDNA template and SYBR green master mix



GENE LIST:



AKT1S1 AKT1 substrate 1 (proline-rich)

AMBRA1 Autophagy/beclin-1 regulator 1

APOL1 Apolipoprotein L, 1

ATF4 Activating transcription factor 4

ATG10 ATG10 autophagy related 10 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

ATG12 ATG12 autophagy related 12 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

ATG16L1 ATG16 autophagy related 16-like 1 (S. cerevisiae)

ATG16L2 ATG16 autophagy related 16-like 2 (S. cerevisiae)

ATG2A ATG2 autophagy related 2 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

ATG2B ATG2 autophagy related 2 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

ATG3 ATG3 autophagy related 3 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

ATG4A ATG4 autophagy related 4 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

ATG4B ATG4 autophagy related 4 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

ATG4C ATG4 autophagy related 4 homolog C (S. cerevisiae)

ATG4D ATG4 autophagy related 4 homolog D (S. cerevisiae)

ATG5 ATG5 autophagy related 5 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

ATG7 ATG7 autophagy related 7 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

ATG9A ATG9 autophagy related 9 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

BARKOR BARKOR (KIAA0831)

BAX BCL2-associated X protein

BCL2 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2

BCL2L1 BCL2-like 1

BECLIN1 Beclin1

BECN1L1 Becn1L1

BIRC5 Effector cell peptidase receptor 1

BNIP3 BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19kDa interacting protein 3

DDIT3 DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3

DRAM Damage-regulated autophagy modulator

EIF4EBP1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1

EIF4EBP2 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 2

EIF4G1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma, 1

EPS15L1 Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15-like 1

FKBP15 FK506 binding protein 15, 133kDa

FRAP1 FK506 binding protein 12-rapamycin associated protein 1

FRS2 Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2

FRS3 Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 3

GABARAP GABA(A) receptor-associated protein

GABARAPL1 GABA(A) receptor-associated protein like 1

GABARAPL2 GABA(A) receptor-associated protein-like 2

GBL G protein beta subunit-like

GFI1B Growth factor independent 1B transcription repressor

GNAI3 Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha inhibiting activity polypeptide 3

GPSM1 G-protein signaling modulator 1 (AGS3-like, C. elegans)

GPSM2 G-protein signaling modulator 2 (AGS3-like, C. elegans)

GPSM3 G-protein signaling modulator 3 (AGS3-like, C. elegans)

HIF1A Hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha

HSPA5 Heat shock 70kDa protein 5

LAMP1 Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1

LAMP2 Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2

LAMP3 Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3

LETM1 Leucine zipper-EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 1

LETM2 Leucine zipper-EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 2

MAP1LC3A Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha

MAP1LC3B Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta

MAP1LC3B2 Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta 2

MAP1LC3C Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 gamma

MCL1 Myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (BCL2-related)

PIK3C3 Phosphoinositide-3-kinase, class 3

PIK3R4 Phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 4

PPM1K Protein phosphatase 1K (PP2C domain containing)

RAPTOR Raptor

RASD1 RAS, dexamethasone-induced 1

RB1CC1 RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1

RGS19 Regulator of G-protein signaling 19

RICTOR Rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR

SEC16A SEC16 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

SEC16B SEC16 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

SEC23A Sec23 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

SEC23B Sec23 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

SEC24A SEC24 related gene family, member A (S. cerevisiae)

SEC24B SEC24 related gene family, member B (S. cerevisiae)

SEC24C SEC24 related gene family, member C (S. cerevisiae)

SEC24D SEC24 related gene family, member D (S. cerevisiae)

SH3GLB1 SH3-domain GRB2-like endophilin B1

SH3GLB2 SH3-domain GRB2-like endophilin B2

SNX30 Sorting nexin family member 30

SQSTM1 Sequestosome 1

TP53 Tumor protein p53

TP73 Tumor protein p73

TPR Translocated promoter region (to activated MET oncogene)

ULK1 Unc-51-like kinase 1 (C. elegans)

ULK2 Unc-51-like kinase 2 (C. elegans)

ULK3 Unc-51-like kinase 3 (C. elegans)

ULK4 Unc-51-like kinase 4 (C. elegans)

UVRAG UV radiation resistance associated gene

WDR45L WDR45-like

WIPI1 WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 1

WIPI2 WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2

ACTB Actin, beta

B2M Beta-2-microglobulin

GAPDH Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GUSB Glucuronidase, beta

HPRT1 Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1

PGK1 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1

PPIA Peptidylprolyl isomerase A

RPL13A Ribosomal protein L13a



$495.00
HATPL-I
Mouse Autophagy Primer Library
A ready-to-use Mouse Autophagy PCR primer library that may be used to set up to 100 PCR arrays. Contains 88 primer sets directed against autophagy genes and 8 housekeeping gene primer sets.

Provided in a 96-well microplate (20 ul - 10 uM)

Perform up to 100 PCR arrays (based on 20 ul assay volume per reaction)

Just add cDNA template and SYBR green master mix



GENE LIST:

Akt1s1 AKT1 substrate 1 (praline-rich)

Ambra1 Autophagy/beclin 1 regulator 1

Apol8 Apolipoprotein L 8

Arnt Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator

Atf4 Activating transcription factor 4

Atg10 Autophagy-related 10

Atg12 Autophagy-related 12

Atg16L1 Autophagy-related 16-like 1

Atg16L2 Autophagy related 16 like 2

Atg2A ATG2 autophagy related 2 homolog A

Atg2B ATG2 autophagy related 2 homolog B

Atg3 Autophagy-related 3

Atg4A Autophagy-related 4A

Atg4B Autophagy-related 4B

Atg4C Autophagy-related 4C

Atg4D Autophagy-related 4D

Atg5 Autophagy-related 5

Atg7 Autophagy-related 7

Atg9A Autophagy-related 9A

Atg9B ATG9 autophagy related 9 homolog B

Barkor Barkor

Bax Bcl2-associated X protein

Bcl2 B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2

Bcl2L1 Bcl2-like 1

Becn1 Beclin1

Birc5 Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 5

Bnip3 BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 1, NIP3

Bnip3l BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3-like

Ddit3 DNA-damage inducible transcript 3

Dram Damage regulated autophagy modulator

Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1

Eif4g1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4, gamma 1

Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 2

Eps15L1 Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15-like 1

Fkbp12 FK506 binding protein a1a (Frap1)

Fkbp15 FK506 binding protein 15

Frs2 Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2

Frs3 Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 3

Gabarap Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor associated protein

Gabarapl1 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor- associated protein-like 1

Gabarapl2 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor- associated protein-like 2

Gbl G protein beta subunit-like

Gfi1b Growth factor independent 1B

Gnai3 Guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha inhibiting 3

Gpsm1 G-protein signalling modulator 1

Gpsm2 G-protein signalling modulator 2

Gpsm3 G-protein signalling modulator 3

Hif1a Hypoxia-inducible factor 1

Hspa5 Heat shock protein 5

Lamp1 Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1

Lamp2 Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2

Lamp3 Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3

Letm1 Leucine zipper-EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 1

Letm2 Leucine zipper-EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 2

Map1LC3A Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha

Map1LC3B Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta

Mcl1 Myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1

Pik3c3 Phosphoinositide-3-kinase, class 3

Pik3r4 Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, regulatory subunit, polypeptide 4, p150

Ppm1k Protein phosphatase 1K (PP2C domain containing)

Raptor Regulatory associated protein of MTOR

Rasd1 RAS, dexamethasone-induced 1

Rb1cc1 RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1

Rgs19 Regulator of G protein signaling 19

Rictor Rapamycin-insensitive companion of MTOR

Sec16A SEC16 homolog A

Sec16B SEC16 homolog B

Sec23A SEC23A

Sec23B SEC23B

Sec24A SEC24 related gene family, member A

Sec24b SEC24 related gene family, member B

Sec24c SEC24 related gene family, member C

Sec24d SEC24 related gene family, member D

Sh3glb1 SH3-domain GRB2-like B1 (endophilin)

Sh3glb2 SH3-domain GRB2-like endophilin B2

Snx30 Sorting nexin family member 30

Sqstm1 Sequestosome 1

Tpr Translocated promoter region

Trp53 Transformation related protein 53

Trp73 Transformation related protein 73

Ulk1 Unc-51 like kinase 1

Ulk2 Unc-51 like kinase 2

Ulk3 Unc-51-like kinase 3

Ulk4 Unc-51-like kinase 4

Uvrag UV radiation resistance associated gene

Wdr45l Wdr45 like

Wipi1 WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 1

Wipi2 WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2

Actb Actin, beta

B2m Beta-2-microglobulin

Gapd Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase

Gusb Glucuronidase, beta

Hprt1 Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1

Pgk1 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1

Ppia Peptidylprolyl isomerase A

Rpl13a Ribosomal protein L13a

$495.00
MATPL-I
Rat Autophagy Primer Library
A ready-to-use Rat Autophagy PCR primer library that may be used to set up to 100 PCR arrays. Contains 88 primer sets directed against autophagy genes and 8 housekeeping gene primer sets.

Provided in a 96-well microplate (20 ul - 10 uM)

Perform up to 100 PCR arrays (based on 20 ul assay volume per reaction)

Just add cDNA template and SYBR green master mix



GENE LIST:

Akt1s1 AKT1 substrate 1 (praline-rich)

Ambra1 Autophagy/beclin 1 regulator 1

Apol8 Apolipoprotein L 8

Arnt Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator

Atf4 Activating transcription factor 4

Atg10 Autophagy-related 10

Atg12 Autophagy-related 12

Atg16L1 Autophagy-related 16-like 1

Atg16L2 Autophagy related 16 like 2

Atg2A ATG2 autophagy related 2 homolog A

Atg2B ATG2 autophagy related 2 homolog B

Atg3 Autophagy-related 3

Atg4A Autophagy-related 4A

Atg4B Autophagy-related 4B

Atg4C Autophagy-related 4C

Atg4D Autophagy-related 4D

Atg5 Autophagy-related 5

Atg7 Autophagy-related 7

Atg9A Autophagy-related 9A

Atg9B ATG9 autophagy related 9 homolog B

Barkor Barkor

Bax Bcl2-associated X protein

Bcl2 B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2

Bcl2L1 Bcl2-like 1

Becn1 Beclin1

Birc5 Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 5

Bnip3 BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 1, NIP3

Bnip3l BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3-like

Ddit3 DNA-damage inducible transcript 3

Dram Damage regulated autophagy modulator

Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1

Eif4g1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4, gamma 1

Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 2

Eps15L1 Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15-like 1

Fkbp12 FK506 binding protein a1a (Frap1)

Fkbp15 FK506 binding protein 15

Frs2 Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2

Frs3 Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 3

Gabarap Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor associated protein

Gabarapl1 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor- associated protein-like 1

Gabarapl2 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor- associated protein-like 2

Gbl G protein beta subunit-like

Gfi1b Growth factor independent 1B

Gnai3 Guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha inhibiting 3

Gpsm1 G-protein signalling modulator 1

Gpsm2 G-protein signalling modulator 2

Gpsm3 G-protein signalling modulator 3

Hif1a Hypoxia-inducible factor 1

Hspa5 Heat shock protein 5

Lamp1 Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1

Lamp2 Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2

Lamp3 Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3

Letm1 Leucine zipper-EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 1

Letm2 Leucine zipper-EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 2

Map1LC3A Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha

Map1LC3B Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta

Mcl1 Myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1

Pik3c3 Phosphoinositide-3-kinase, class 3

Pik3r4 Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, regulatory subunit, polypeptide 4, p150

Ppm1k Protein phosphatase 1K (PP2C domain containing)

Raptor Regulatory associated protein of MTOR

Rasd1 RAS, dexamethasone-induced 1

Rb1cc1 RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1

Rgs19 Regulator of G protein signaling 19

Rictor Rapamycin-insensitive companion of MTOR

Sec16A SEC16 homolog A

Sec16B SEC16 homolog B

Sec23A SEC23A

Sec23B SEC23B

Sec24A SEC24 related gene family, member A

Sec24b SEC24 related gene family, member B

Sec24c SEC24 related gene family, member C

Sec24d SEC24 related gene family, member D

Sh3glb1 SH3-domain GRB2-like B1 (endophilin)

Sh3glb2 SH3-domain GRB2-like endophilin B2

Snx30 Sorting nexin family member 30

Sqstm1 Sequestosome 1

Tpr Translocated promoter region

Trp53 Transformation related protein 53

Trp73 Transformation related protein 73

Ulk1 Unc-51 like kinase 1

Ulk2 Unc-51 like kinase 2

Ulk3 Unc-51-like kinase 3

Ulk4 Unc-51-like kinase 4

Uvrag UV radiation resistance associated gene

Wdr45l Wdr45 like

Wipi1 WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 1

Wipi2 WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2

Actb Actin, beta

B2m Beta-2-microglobulin

Gapd Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase

Gusb Glucuronidase, beta

Hprt1 Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1

Pgk1 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1

Ppia Peptidylprolyl isomerase A

Rpl13a Ribosomal protein L13a
$595.00
RATPL-I