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Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in artery walls, is a complex disease driven by an interaction between environmental factors and genetics. Numerous genes influence a person's risk by regulating lipid metabolism, inflammation, and vascular cell function. Genetic variations in genes that control cholesterol and lipid levels in the blood are the most well-established genetic contributors to atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein E provides instructions for a protein that helps carry cholesterol and fats in the bloodstream, of which three major variants exist. The APOE allele is associated with higher total and LDL cholesterol levels and an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Mutations in the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor cause Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH), a monogenic disorder leading to dangerously high LDL-C (bad cholesterol) levels from birth. LDLR is critical for clearing LDL from the blood. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) encodes a protein that regulates the number of LDL receptors on the liver surface. Gain-of-function mutations in PCSK9 increase LDL-C levels, dramatically raising atherosclerosis risk. Loss-of-function mutations in PCSK9 decrease LDL-C, offering significant protection against the disease. This discovery led to the development of powerful PCSK9 inhibitor drugs. Apolipoprotein B (APOB) is the main structural component of LDL cholesterol. Mutations in the APOB gene can impair LDL's ability to bind to the LDLR, a condition known as familial defective apolipoprotein B-100, which elevates LDL-C. Atherosclerosis is fundamentally a chronic inflammatory condition, and several genes linked to the immune response and vascular wall integrity play a role. Inflammatory Cytokines Genes, such as Interleukin-6 (IL6), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFalpha), and various chemokines (e.g., CXCL2, CXCR4) have variants that can increase chronic inflammation, accelerating the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. Vascular Genes (e.g., SVEP1) have been recently identified as potentially influencing plaque development independent of cholesterol by promoting the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in the artery wall.

Human Atherosclerosis Primer Library
A ready-to-use Human Atherosclerosis PCR primer library that may be used to set up to 100 PCR arrays. Contains 88 primer sets directed against apoptosis genes and 8 housekeeping gene primer sets.

Provided in a 96-well microplate (20 ul - 10 uM)

Perform up to 100 PCR arrays (based on 20 ul assay volume per reaction)

Just add cDNA template and SYBR green master mix



GENE LIST:



ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 1

ACE Angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl- dipeptidase A) 1

ADFP Adipose differentiation-related protein

APOA1 Apolipoprotein A-I

APOB Apolipoprotein B (including Ag(x) antigen)

APOC2 Apolipoprotein C-II

APOE Apolipoprotein E

BAX BCL2-associated X protein

BCL2 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2

BCL2A1 BCL2-related protein A1

BCL2L1 BCL2-like 1

BID BH3 interacting domain death agonist

BIRC3 Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 3

CCL2 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2

CCL5 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5

CCR1 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1

CCR2 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2

CD44 CD44 molecule (Indian blood group)

CDH5 Cadherin 5, type 2, VE-cadherin (vascular epithelium)

CETP Cholesteryl ester transfer protein, plasma

CFLAR CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator

COL3A1 Collagen, type III, alpha 1

CSF1 Colony stimulating factor 1 (macrophage)

CSF2 Colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte- macrophage)

CTGF Connective tissue growth factor

CX3CR1 Chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1

EGR1 Early growth response 1

ELN Elastin

ENG Endoglin (Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome 1)

FABP3 Fatty acid binding protein 3, muscle and heart

FAS Fas (TNF receptor superfamily, member 6)

FGA Fibrinogen alpha chain

FGF2 Fibroblast growth factor 2 (basic)

FN1 Fibronectin 1

HBEGF Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor

ICAM1 Intercellular adhesion molecule 1

IFNAR2 Interferon (alpha, beta and omega) receptor 2

IFNG Interferon, gamma

IL1A Interleukin 1, alpha

IL1R1 Interleukin 1 receptor, type I

IL1R2 Interleukin 1 receptor, type II

IL2 Interleukin 2

IL3 Interleukin 3 (colony-stimulating factor, multiple)

IL4 Interleukin 4

IL5 Interleukin 5 (colony-stimulating factor, eosinophil)

ITGA2 Integrin, alpha 2 (CD49B, alpha 2 subunit of VLA-2 receptor)

ITGA5 Integrin, alpha 5 (fibronectin receptor, alpha polypeptide)

ITGAX Integrin, alpha X (complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit)

ITGB2 Integrin, beta 2

KDR Kinase insert domain receptor

KLF2 Kruppel-like factor 2 (lung)

LAMA1 Laminin, alpha 1

LDLR Low density lipoprotein receptor (familial hypercholesterolemia)

LIF Leukemia inhibitory factor (cholinergic differentiation factor)

LPA Lipoprotein, Lp(a)

LPL Lipoprotein lipase

MMP1 Matrix metallopeptidase 1 (interstitial collagenase)

MMP3 Matrix metallopeptidase 3 (stromelysin 1, progelatinase)

MMP9 Matrix metallopeptidase 9

MSR1 Macrophage scavenger receptor 1

NFKB1 Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105)

NOS3 Nitric oxide synthase 3 (endothelial cell)

NPY Neuropeptide Y

NR1H3 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3

PDGFA Platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide

PDGFB Platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide

PDGFRB Platelet-derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide

PPARA Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, alpha

PPARD Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta

PPARG Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

PTGS1 Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1

RXRA Retinoid X receptor, alpha

SELE Selectin E (endothelial adhesion molecule 1)

SELL Selectin L (lymphocyte adhesion molecule 1)

SELPLG Selectin P ligand

SERPINB2 Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin), member 2

SERPINE1 Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E, member 1

SOD1 Superoxide dismutase 1, soluble

SPP1 Secreted phosphoprotein 1

TGFB1 Transforming growth factor, beta 1

TGFB2 Transforming growth factor, beta 2

THBS4 Thrombospondin 4

TNC Tenascin C (hexabrachion)

TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2)

TNFAIP3 Tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3

VCAM1 Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1

VEGFA Vascular endothelial growth factor A

VWF Von Willebrand factor

ACTB Actin, beta

B2M Beta-2-microglobulin

GAPD Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase

GUSB Glucuronidase, beta

HPRT1 Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1

PGK1 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1

PPIA Peptidylprolyl isomerase A

RPL13A Ribosomal protein L13a

$495.00
HATH-I
Mouse Atherosclerosis Primer Library
A ready-to-use Mouse Atherosclerosis PCR primer library that may be used to set up to 100 PCR arrays. Contains 88 primer sets directed against apoptosis genes and 8 housekeeping gene primer sets.

Provided in a 96-well microplate (20 ul - 10 uM)

Perform up to 100 PCR arrays (based on 20 ul assay volume per reaction)

Just add cDNA template and SYBR green master mix



GENE LIST:



ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 1

ACE Angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl- dipeptidase A) 1

ADFP Adipose differentiation-related protein

APOA1 Apolipoprotein A-I

APOB Apolipoprotein B (including Ag(x) antigen)

APOC2 Apolipoprotein C-II

APOE Apolipoprotein E

BAX BCL2-associated X protein

BCL2 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2

BCL2A1 BCL2-related protein A1

BCL2L1 BCL2-like 1

BID BH3 interacting domain death agonist

BIRC3 Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 3

CCL2 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2

CCL5 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5

CCR1 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1

CCR2 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2

CD44 CD44 molecule (Indian blood group)

CDH5 Cadherin 5, type 2, VE-cadherin (vascular epithelium)

CETP Cholesteryl ester transfer protein, plasma

CFLAR CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator

COL3A1 Collagen, type III, alpha 1

CSF1 Colony stimulating factor 1 (macrophage)

CSF2 Colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte- macrophage)

CTGF Connective tissue growth factor

CX3CR1 Chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1

EGR1 Early growth response 1

ELN Elastin

ENG Endoglin (Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome 1)

FABP3 Fatty acid binding protein 3, muscle and heart

FAS Fas (TNF receptor superfamily, member 6)

FGA Fibrinogen alpha chain

FGF2 Fibroblast growth factor 2 (basic)

FN1 Fibronectin 1

HBEGF Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor

ICAM1 Intercellular adhesion molecule 1

IFNAR2 Interferon (alpha, beta and omega) receptor 2

IFNG Interferon, gamma

IL1A Interleukin 1, alpha

IL1R1 Interleukin 1 receptor, type I

IL1R2 Interleukin 1 receptor, type II

IL2 Interleukin 2

IL3 Interleukin 3 (colony-stimulating factor, multiple)

IL4 Interleukin 4

IL5 Interleukin 5 (colony-stimulating factor, eosinophil)

ITGA2 Integrin, alpha 2 (CD49B, alpha 2 subunit of VLA-2 receptor)

ITGA5 Integrin, alpha 5 (fibronectin receptor, alpha polypeptide)

ITGAX Integrin, alpha X (complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit)

ITGB2 Integrin, beta 2

KDR Kinase insert domain receptor

KLF2 Kruppel-like factor 2 (lung)

LAMA1 Laminin, alpha 1

LDLR Low density lipoprotein receptor (familial hypercholesterolemia)

LIF Leukemia inhibitory factor (cholinergic differentiation factor)

LPA Lipoprotein, Lp(a)

LPL Lipoprotein lipase

MMP1 Matrix metallopeptidase 1 (interstitial collagenase)

MMP3 Matrix metallopeptidase 3 (stromelysin 1, progelatinase)

MMP9 Matrix metallopeptidase 9

MSR1 Macrophage scavenger receptor 1

NFKB1 Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105)

NOS3 Nitric oxide synthase 3 (endothelial cell)

NPY Neuropeptide Y

NR1H3 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3

PDGFA Platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide

PDGFB Platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide

PDGFRB Platelet-derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide

PPARA Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, alpha

PPARD Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta

PPARG Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

PTGS1 Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1

RXRA Retinoid X receptor, alpha

SELE Selectin E (endothelial adhesion molecule 1)

SELL Selectin L (lymphocyte adhesion molecule 1)

SELPLG Selectin P ligand

SERPINB2 Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin), member 2

SERPINE1 Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E, member 1

SOD1 Superoxide dismutase 1, soluble

SPP1 Secreted phosphoprotein 1

TGFB1 Transforming growth factor, beta 1

TGFB2 Transforming growth factor, beta 2

THBS4 Thrombospondin 4

TNC Tenascin C (hexabrachion)

TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2)

TNFAIP3 Tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3

VCAM1 Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1

VEGFA Vascular endothelial growth factor A

VWF Von Willebrand factor

ACTB Actin, beta

B2M Beta-2-microglobulin

GAPD Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase

GUSB Glucuronidase, beta

HPRT1 Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1

PGK1 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1

PPIA Peptidylprolyl isomerase A

RPL13A Ribosomal protein L13a
$495.00
MATH-I