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Androgen Signaling

Androgen signaling is a fundamental biological pathway mediated by the Androgen Receptor (AR), which is crucial for male sexual development and the function of various tissues in both sexes. It is primarily regulated by the male sex hormones, or androgens. Testosterone (T) and its more potent derivative, 5-alpha-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The Androgen Receptor is a member of the steroid hormone nuclear receptor family and functions as a ligand-activated transcription factor. Its main job is to regulate the expression of specific genes. The Classical (Genomic) Pathway is the primary and slower mechanism that involves direct gene regulation. Ligand Binding: Androgens (T or DHT) freely diffuse across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm. DHT is generally considered the more potent ligand, binding the AR with a higher affinity. The androgen binds to the AR, which, in its inactive state, is typically bound to heat shock proteins (HSPs). Ligand binding causes a conformational change, leading to dissociation of the HSPs. Translocation of the androgen-AR complex into the nucleus: Inside the nucleus, the AR-ligand complex forms a homodimer (two AR complexes bound together). This dimer binds to specific DNA sequences called Androgen Response Elements (AREs) located in the promoter regions of target genes, turning their transcription on or off. The Non-Genomic Pathway is a faster, alternative pathway that does not involve direct DNA binding. The AR can sometimes be found localized to the plasma membrane. Upon androgen binding, this membrane-associated AR rapidly activates secondary messenger cascades (like MAPK or Akt signaling) through interactions with proteins, such as Src kinase. These rapid signaling events can, in turn, influence the activity of the nuclear AR (e.g., by phosphorylating it), creating a complex network of cross-talk. Androgen signaling is essential for a wide range of physiological processes. Androgens direct the differentiation of the Wolffian ducts (to form the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles) and the development of the external genitalia (penis, scrotum, prostate). They promote puberty-related changes, including deepening of the voice, male-pattern hair growth (beard, body hair), and bone maturation. They are necessary for the development and maintenance of male reproductive organs, bone density, and muscle mass. They also play a role in metabolism, cardiovascular health, neural function (mood, cognition, libido), and spermatogenesis.

Human Androgen Signaling Primer Library
A ready-to-use Human Androgen Signaling PCR primer library that may be used to set up to 100 PCR arrays. Contains 88 primer sets directed against androgen signaling genes and 8 housekeeping gene primer sets.

Provided in a 96-well microplate (20 ul - 10 uM)

Perform up to 100 PCR arrays (based on 20 ul assay volume per reaction)

Just add cDNA template and SYBR green master mix



GENE LIST:

ACPP acid phosphatase, prostate

ADH1B alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (class I), beta polypeptide

AES amino-terminal enhancer of split

AKT1 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1

ALDH1A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1

APPL1 In multiple Geneids

AR androgen receptor

ATF1 activating transcription factor 1

ATF3 activating transcription factor 3

BAG1 BCL2-associated athanogene

BRCA1 breast cancer 1, early onset

CALR calreticulin

CASP3 caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase

CASP8 caspase 8, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase

CAV1 caveolin 1, caveolae protein, 22kDa

CCND1 In multiple Geneids

CCNE1 cyclin E1

CCNH cyclin H

CDC25B cell division cycle 25 homolog B (S. pombe)

CDK7 cyclin-dependent kinase 7

CREBBP CREB binding protein

CTNNB1 catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, 88kDa

DHCR24 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase

EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor

EP300 E1A binding protein p300

ESR1 estrogen receptor 1

ESR2 estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)

FLNA filamin A, alpha

FOLH1 folate hydrolase 1

FOXO1A Data not found

GTF2F1 general transcription factor IIF, polypeptide 1, 74kDa

GTF2F2 general transcription factor IIF, polypeptide 2, 30kDa

GTF2H1 general transcription factor IIH, polypeptide 1, 62kDa

HDAC1 histone deacetylase 1

HMGB1 high-mobility group box 1

HSPA1A heat shock 70kDa protein 1A

HSPA8 heat shock 70kDa protein 8

IGF1 insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C)

IL6 interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2)

IL6ST interleukin 6 signal transducer

JUN jun proto-oncogene

KLK2 kallikrein-related peptidase 2

KLK3 kallikrein-related peptidase 3

MAP2K1 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1

MAPK1 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1

MDM2 Mdm2 p53 binding protein homolog (mouse)

MMP1 matrix metallopeptidase 1 (interstitial collagenase)

MYST2 MYST histone acetyltransferase 2

NCOA1 nuclear receptor coactivator 1

NCOA2 nuclear receptor coactivator 2

NCOA3 nuclear receptor coactivator 3

NCOA4 nuclear receptor coactivator 4

NCOR1 nuclear receptor corepressor 1

NCOR2 nuclear receptor corepressor 2

NR0B1 nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 1

NR0B2 nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2

NR2C2 nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group C, member 2

NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1

NRIP1 nuclear receptor interacting protein 1

PAK6 p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase 6

PIAS1 protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 1

PIAS2 protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 2

PIAS3 protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 3

PIAS4 protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 4

POU2F1 POU class 2 homeobox 1

PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog

RAC3 ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3

RAF1 v-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1

RAN RAN, member RAS oncogene family

RB1 retinoblastoma 1

RELA v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A

RNF14 ring finger protein 14

RNF4 ring finger protein 4

RUNX1 runt-related transcription factor 1

RUNX2 runt-related transcription factor 2

SMAD3 SMAD family member 3

SMAD4 SMAD family member 4

SP1 Sp1 transcription factor

SRC v-src sarcoma viral oncogene homolog

SRY sex determining region Y

STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

STIP1 stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1

STUB1 STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

TGFB1 transforming growth factor, beta 1

TGIF1 TGFB-induced factor homeobox 1

TMF1 TATA element modulatory factor 1

TP53 tumor protein p53

UBE2I ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I

ACTB Actin, beta

B2M Beta-2-microglobulin

GAPD Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase

GUSB Glucuronidase, beta

HPRT1 Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1

PGK1 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1

PPIA Peptidylprolyl isomerase A

RPL13A Ribosomal protein L13a
$495.00
HAND-I
Mouse Androgen Signaling Primer Library
A ready-to-use Mouse Androgen Signaling PCR primer library that may be used to set up to 100 PCR arrays. Contains 88 primer sets directed against androgen signaling genes and 8 housekeeping gene primer sets.

Provided in a 96-well microplate (20 ul - 10 uM)

Perform up to 100 PCR arrays (based on 20 ul assay volume per reaction)

Just add cDNA template and SYBR green master mix



GENE LIST:

ACPP acid phosphatase, prostate

ADH1B alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (class I), beta polypeptide

AES amino-terminal enhancer of split

AKT1 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1

ALDH1A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1

APPL1 In multiple Geneids

AR androgen receptor

ATF1 activating transcription factor 1

ATF3 activating transcription factor 3

BAG1 BCL2-associated athanogene

BRCA1 breast cancer 1, early onset

CALR calreticulin

CASP3 caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase

CASP8 caspase 8, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase

CAV1 caveolin 1, caveolae protein, 22kDa

CCND1 In multiple Geneids

CCNE1 cyclin E1

CCNH cyclin H

CDC25B cell division cycle 25 homolog B (S. pombe)

CDK7 cyclin-dependent kinase 7

CREBBP CREB binding protein

CTNNB1 catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, 88kDa

DHCR24 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase

EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor

EP300 E1A binding protein p300

ESR1 estrogen receptor 1

ESR2 estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)

FLNA filamin A, alpha

FOLH1 folate hydrolase 1

FOXO1A Data not found

GTF2F1 general transcription factor IIF, polypeptide 1, 74kDa

GTF2F2 general transcription factor IIF, polypeptide 2, 30kDa

GTF2H1 general transcription factor IIH, polypeptide 1, 62kDa

HDAC1 histone deacetylase 1

HMGB1 high-mobility group box 1

HSPA1A heat shock 70kDa protein 1A

HSPA8 heat shock 70kDa protein 8

IGF1 insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C)

IL6 interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2)

IL6ST interleukin 6 signal transducer

JUN jun proto-oncogene

KLK2 kallikrein-related peptidase 2

KLK3 kallikrein-related peptidase 3

MAP2K1 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1

MAPK1 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1

MDM2 Mdm2 p53 binding protein homolog (mouse)

MMP1 matrix metallopeptidase 1 (interstitial collagenase)

MYST2 MYST histone acetyltransferase 2

NCOA1 nuclear receptor coactivator 1

NCOA2 nuclear receptor coactivator 2

NCOA3 nuclear receptor coactivator 3

NCOA4 nuclear receptor coactivator 4

NCOR1 nuclear receptor corepressor 1

NCOR2 nuclear receptor corepressor 2

NR0B1 nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 1

NR0B2 nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2

NR2C2 nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group C, member 2

NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1

NRIP1 nuclear receptor interacting protein 1

PAK6 p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase 6

PIAS1 protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 1

PIAS2 protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 2

PIAS3 protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 3

PIAS4 protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 4

POU2F1 POU class 2 homeobox 1

PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog

RAC3 ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3

RAF1 v-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1

RAN RAN, member RAS oncogene family

RB1 retinoblastoma 1

RELA v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A

RNF14 ring finger protein 14

RNF4 ring finger protein 4

RUNX1 runt-related transcription factor 1

RUNX2 runt-related transcription factor 2

SMAD3 SMAD family member 3

SMAD4 SMAD family member 4

SP1 Sp1 transcription factor

SRC v-src sarcoma viral oncogene homolog

SRY sex determining region Y

STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

STIP1 stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1

STUB1 STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

TGFB1 transforming growth factor, beta 1

TGIF1 TGFB-induced factor homeobox 1

TMF1 TATA element modulatory factor 1

TP53 tumor protein p53

UBE2I ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I

ACTB Actin, beta

B2M Beta-2-microglobulin

GAPD Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase

GUSB Glucuronidase, beta

HPRT1 Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1

PGK1 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1

PPIA Peptidylprolyl isomerase A

RPL13A Ribosomal protein L13a
$495.00
MAND-I