Amino acid metabolism

Amino acid metabolism is the set of biochemical processes that govern the synthesis, breakdown, and interconversion of amino acids. These molecules, best known as the building blocks of proteins, are also crucial for energy production and the creation of many specialized biological compounds.

Key Functions of Amino Acid Metabolism

Amino acid metabolism serves several vital roles beyond protein synthesis. When carbohydrates and fats are scarce, the carbon skeletons of amino acids can be broken down to generate intermediates that enter the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle to produce ATP (cellular energy). Depending on their carbon structure, amino acids can be converted into: Glucogenic intermediates (e.g., pyruvate, oxaloacetate) that can be used to synthesize glucose (gluconeogenesis). Ketogenic intermediates (e.g., acetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA) can be used to synthesize ketone bodies. Nitrogen Disposal: The amino group must be removed during catabolism. Excess nitrogen is toxic (as ammonia) and is converted to non-toxic urea via the urea cycle in the liver, which is then excreted. Amino acids are precursors for numerous essential non-protein molecules, including catecholamines (Epinephrine/Norepinephrine) from tyrosine, serotonin and melatonin from tryptophan, and GABA from glutamate. Components of DNA and RNA. Other nitrogenous compounds: heme, creatine, and glutathione.